METAL AND METAL OXIDE NANOPARTICLES: UNVEILING THE MECHANISMS OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY

Abstract

The creation, characterization, and use of nanomaterials are all aspects of the field of nanotechnology. Newer antimicrobial drugs have been developed with the use of the pharmacology and nanotechnology combination in an effort to combat the multidrug-resistant microorganisms that are becoming more and more prevalent. Considering to their diminutive size, which allows for enhanced proximity to surfaces with bacteria and has adverse effects on microorganisms, metal and metal oxide Nano components have attracted a great deal of interest. Nobel metal nanoparticles [Au, Pt, Ag] are utilized in a variety of biological applications, such as the prevention and treatment of carcinoma, advancement in radiation, medication transportation infrared radiation, antimicrobial, diagnostic tests, and anti-fungal. It is widely recognized that nanoparticles made from metals have general bacterial virulence mechanisms that prevent the emergence of bacterial resistance while also broadening the range of antimicrobial effectiveness. By directly interacting with cell lipids, proteins, and DNA or by causing oxidative stress, nanoparticles can harm these substances. To deal with nanoparticles of metallic elements, Bacteria can upregulate the antioxidant response and DNA restoration systems, downregulate porin, overexpose their metal efflux mechanism, and minimize metal intake. This review mainly focuses on various metals and their oxides, their antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria, their mechanisms of action, synthesis and consequences.